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Subversion of innate and adaptive immune activation induced by structurally modified lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhimurium
Authors:Pastelin-Palacios Rodolfo  Gil-Cruz Cristina  Pérez-Shibayama Christian I  Moreno-Eutimio Mario A  Cervantes-Barragán Luisa  Arriaga-Pizano Lourdes  Ludewig Burkhard  Cunningham Adam F  García-Zepeda Eduardo A  Becker Ingeborg  Alpuche-Aranda Celia  Bonifaz Laura  Gunn John S  Isibasi Armando  López-Macías Constantino
Affiliation:Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre 'Siglo XXI', Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City.
Abstract:
Salmonella are successful pathogens that infect millions of people every year. During infection, Salmonella typhimurium changes the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in response to the host environment, rendering bacteria resistant to cationic peptide lysis in vitro. However, the role of these structural changes in LPS as in vivo virulence factors and their effects on immune responses and the generation of immunity are largely unknown. We report that modified LPS are less efficient than wild‐type LPS at inducing pro‐inflammatory responses. The impact of this LPS‐mediated subversion of innate immune responses was demonstrated by increased mortality in mice infected with a non‐lethal dose of an attenuated S. typhimurium strain mixed with the modified LPS moieties. Up‐regulation of co‐stimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells and CD4+ T‐cell activation were affected by these modified LPS. Strains of S. typhimurium carrying structurally modified LPS are markedly less efficient at inducing specific antibody responses. Immunization with modified LPS moiety preparations combined with experimental antigens, induced an impaired Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated adjuvant effect. Strains of S. typhimurium carrying structurally modified LPS are markedly less efficient at inducing immunity against challenge with virulent S. typhimurium. Hence, changes in S. typhimurium LPS structure impact not only on innate immune responses but also on both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses.
Keywords:antibody response  innate immunity  lipopolysaccharide  Salmonella  Toll‐like receptor 4
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