Chronic Hepatitis B Infection with Low Level Viremia Correlates with the Progression of the Liver Disease

Background and AimsCurrently, insufficient clinical data are available to address whether low-level viremia (LLV) observed during antiviral treatment will adversely affect the clinical outcome or whether treatment strategies should be altered if LLV occurs. This study compared the clinical outcomes of patients with a maintained virological response (MVR) and patients who experienced LLV and their treatment strategies.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 674 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who received antiviral treatment for more than 12 months was analyzed for the development of end-stage liver disease and treatment strategies during the follow-up period. End-stage liver disease included decompensated liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).ResultsDuring a median 42-month follow-up, end-stage liver disease developed more frequently in patients who experienced LLV than in those who experienced MVR (7.73% and 15.85% vs. 0.77% and 5.52% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; p=0.000). The trend was consistent after propensity score matching. In the high-risk group of four HCC risk models, LLV patients had a higher risk of HCC development (p<0.05). By Cox proportional hazard model analysis, LLV was an independent risk factor for end-stage liver disease and HCC (hazard ratio [HR]=6.280, confidence interval [CI]=2.081–18.951, p=0.001; HR=5.108, CI=1.392–18.737, respectively; p=0.014). Patients achieved a lower rate of end-stage liver disease by adjusting treatment compared to continuing the original treatment once LLV occurred (p<0.05).ConclusionsLLV is an independent risk factor for end-stage liver disease and HCC, and treatment adjustments can be considered.