Heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to cancer progression |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;2. Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;3. Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;4. Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;5. Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;6. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease displaying differences in angiogenesis, extracellular matrix proteins, the immune microenvironment and tumor cell populations. Additionally, genetic variations and epigenetic changes of HCC cells could lead to aberrant signaling pathways, induce cancer stem cells and enhance tumor progression. Thus, the heterogeneity in HCC contributes to disease progression and a better understanding of its heterogeneity will greatly aid in the development of strategies for the HCC treatment. |
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| Keywords: | Hepatocellular carcinoma Heterogeneity Angiogenesis Invasion Tumor microenvironment Genetic variation Signaling pathway Cancer stem cells HCC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hepatocellular carcinoma VEGF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" vascular endothelial growth factor FGF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" fibroblast growth factor PDGF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" platelet-derived growth factor TSP1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" thrombospondin-1 HIF-1α" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hypoxia-induced factor-1a bFGF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" basic fibroblast growth factor TNF-α" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-8" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0130" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" interleukin-8 PEDF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0140" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Pigment epithelial derived factor PDGFR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0150" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" platelet-derived growth factor receptor ECM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0160" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" extracellular matrix LOX" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0170" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" lysyl oxidase MCPs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0180" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" matricellular proteins MMPs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0190" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" matrix metalloproteinases MMP1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0200" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" metalloproteinase 1 CTGF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0210" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" connective tissue growth factor EMT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0220" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" epithelial mesenchymal transition TGFβ1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0230" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" transforming growth factor-β1 NK" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0240" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" natural killer NKT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0250" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" natural killer T cells Treg" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0260" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" regulatory T cells MDSC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0270" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" myloid-dervied suppressor cells Tlr3" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0280" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" toll-like receptor 3 iNKT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0290" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" invariant natural killer T cells IFNγ" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0300" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" interferon-gamma CTL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0310" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cytotoxic T cells GITR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0320" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor Hsp70" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0330" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" heat shock protein 70 KCNN2" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0340" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2 AFP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0350" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" alpha fetoprotein OPN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0360" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" osteopontin PSG9" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0370" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 PLK1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0380" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" polo like kinase 1 SNVs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0390" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" single nucleotide variants CNAs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0400" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" copy number aberration SVs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0410" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" structural variations OSGIN1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0420" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" oxidative stress-induced growth inhibitor MDM2" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0430" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" mouse double minute protein 2 PTPRF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0440" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F AT2R" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0450" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" angiotensin II type 2 receptor CSCs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0460" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cancer stem cells SP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0470" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" side population EpCAM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0480" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" epithelial cell adhesion molecule PROM1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0490" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" prominin 1 |
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