The immunological barrier in renal transplantation from living donor

Living donor kidney transplantation is uncommon in our country, mostly due to the high rate of cadaveric donation. However, such a rate has been held back in recent years and it is thought that there will be great problems in organ shortage in the next years, especially for young patients. Thus, living donation seems to be an alternative. Such a practice is particularly useful in hypersensitized patients with positive crossmatch and in ABO incompatibility. In these two cases, the waiting time for kidney transplantation goes on for many years. With the development of desensitizing protocols that employ high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins and/or plasmapheresis, together with the use of more sensitive and objective assays for immunological monitoring, patients that were not candidates for kidney transplantation in the past are now being transplanted. In the present work, immunological factors that participate in living kidney transplantation are revised, with special focus on hypersensitized patients. Available data show that living donation is a feasible alternative for future, once all the ethical problems have been solved.