肿瘤新生抗原疫苗研究新进展

肿瘤新生抗原是指由肿瘤细胞基因突变产生的特异性抗原，可激活CD4⁺ T和CD8⁺ T细胞产生免疫反应，抑制肿瘤生长。因肿瘤新生抗原未经历中枢性免疫耐受，故其免疫原性高。肿瘤新生抗原疫苗种类有DNA疫苗、RNA疫苗、树突状细胞疫苗及纳米疫苗等，是高度个体化疫苗，相对安全且副作用小。利用新一代测序技术和生物信息学技术鉴定和筛选新生抗原；利用佐剂或生物材料设计制备免疫原性更强的新生抗原疫苗。临床上肿瘤新生抗原疫苗可与免疫检查点抑制疗法、放疗、化疗等联合应用，为肿瘤患者提供个体化治疗方案。从肿瘤新生抗原的概念、肿瘤新生抗原疫苗的种类、设计制备方法以及临床应用等方面做一综述，以期为相关研究提供参考。

New Advances in the Research on Tumor Neoantigen Vaccine

Tumor neoantigens, which are specific antigens produced by gene mutation in tumor cells, can activate CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺T cells to produce an immune response and inhibit tumor growth. The immunogenicity of neogenic antigens is high because they do not undergo central immune tolerance. Tumor neoantigen vaccines include DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines and nano-vaccines, which are highly personalized with relatively safe with low side effects. Next-generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics technology are used to identify and screen neantigens; and adjuvants or biological materials are used to design and prepare more immunogenic neoantigen vaccines. Tumor neoantigen vaccine can be combined with immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to provide individualized treatment for tumor patients. This paper reviews the concept of tumor neoantigen, types of tumor neoantigen vaccines, design and preparation methods and clinical application, in order to provide some reference for related research.