| Abstract: | ![]()
BackgroundVaccines may reduce antibiotic use and the development of resistance.ObjectivesTo provide a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the evidence base relating to the effect of vaccines on antibiotic use.Data sourcesOvid MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO Trials Registry.Study eligibility criteriaRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies published from January 1998 to March 2018.ParticipantsAny population.InterventionsVaccines versus placebo, no vaccine or another vaccine.MethodsTitles, abstracts and full-texts were screened independently by two reviewers. Certainty of RCT evidence was assessed using GRADE.ResultsIn all, 4980 records identified; 895 full-text reports assessed; 96 studies included (24 RCTs, 72 observational). There was high-certainty evidence that influenza vaccine reduces days of antibiotic use among healthy adults (one RCT; n = 4253; rate reduction 28·1%; 95% CI 16·0–38·4); moderate-certainty evidence that influenza vaccines probably reduce antibiotic use in children aged 6 months to 14 years (three RCTs; n = 610; ratio of means 0·62; 95% CI 0·54–0·70) and probably reduce community antibiotic use in children aged 3–15 years (one RCT; n = 10 985 person-seasons; risk ratio 0·69, 95% CI 0·58–0·83); and moderate-certainty evidence that pneumococcal vaccination probably reduces antibiotic use in children aged 6 weeks to 6 years (two RCTs; n = 47 945; rate ratio 0·93, 95% CI 0·87–0·99) and reduces illness episodes requiring antibiotics in children aged 12–35 months (one RCT; n = 264; rate ratio 0·85, 95% CI 0·75–0·97). Other RCT evidence was of low or very low certainty, and observational evidence was affected by confounding.ConclusionsThe evidence base is poor. Although some vaccines may reduce antibiotic use, collection of high-quality data in future vaccine trials is needed to improve the evidence base.PROSPERO registrationCRD42018103881. |
