Vascular access: past, present, and future

Vascular access is the Achilles' heel of hemodialysis. Current vascular access approaches for hemodialysis include arteriovenous (AV) fistula, AV graft, and central venous catheter. Strengths and weaknesses of each access type are described. New technology and procedures in introducing an access, monitoring access function, and salvaging a non-functioning access are also described.