Pathway-specific control of reward learning and its flexibility via selective dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens

In the basal ganglia, inputs from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are transmitted through both direct and indirect pathways and control reward-based learning. In the NAc, dopamine (DA) serves as a key neurotransmitter, modulating these two parallel pathways. This study explored how reward learning and its flexibility are controlled in a pathway-specific and DA receptor-dependent manner. We used two techniques (i) reversible neurotransmission blocking (RNB), in which transmission of the direct (d-RNB) or the indirect pathway (I-RNB) in the NAc on both sides of the hemispheres was selectively blocked by transmission-blocking tetanus toxin; and (ii) asymmetric RNB, in which transmission of the direct (d-aRNB) or the indirect pathway (I-aRNB) was unilaterally blocked by RNB techniques and the intact side of the NAc was infused with DA agonists or antagonists. Reward-based learning was assessed by measuring goal-directed learning ability based on visual cue tasks (VCTs) or response-direction tasks (RDTs). Learning flexibility was then tested by switching from a previously learned VCT to a new VCT or RDT. d-RNB mice and D1 receptor antagonist-treated d-aRNB mice showed severe impairments in learning acquisition but normal flexibility to switch from a previously learned strategy. In contrast, I-RNB mice and D2 receptor agonist-treated I-aRNB mice showed normal learning acquisition but severe impairments not only in the flexibility to the learning switch but also in the subsequent acquisition of learning a new strategy. D1 and D2 receptors thus play distinct but cooperative roles in reward learning and its flexibility in a pathway-specific manner.