Mechanical properties of electrospun bilayer fibrous membranes as potential scaffolds for tissue engineering |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. ARC Center of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia;3. Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;4. Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia;5. School of Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia;1. Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;2. Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain;1. Textile Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt;2. School of Engineering, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;3. New Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology Lab, Textile Eng Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, 21544, Egypt;4. International Innovation & Technology Transfer Expert, Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt |
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| Abstract: | Bilayer fibrous membranes of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) were fabricated by electrospinning, using a parallel-disk mandrel configuration that resulted in the sequential deposition of a layer with fibers aligned across the two parallel disks and a layer with randomly oriented fibers, both layers deposited in a single process step. Membrane structure and fiber alignment were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform. Because of the intricacies of the generated electric field, bilayer membranes exhibited higher porosity than single-layer membranes consisting of randomly oriented fibers fabricated with a solid-drum collector. However, despite their higher porosity, bilayer membranes demonstrated generally higher elastic modulus, yield strength and toughness than single-layer membranes with random fibers. Bilayer membrane deformation at relatively high strain rates comprised multiple abrupt microfracture events characterized by discontinuous fiber breakage. Bilayer membrane elongation yielded excessive necking of the layer with random fibers and remarkable fiber stretching (on the order of 400%) in the layer with fibers aligned in the stress direction. In addition, fibers in both layers exhibited multiple localized necking, attributed to the nonuniform distribution of crystalline phases in the fibrillar structure. The high membrane porosity, good mechanical properties, and good biocompatibility and biodegradability of PLLA (demonstrated in previous studies) make the present bilayer membranes good scaffold candidates for a wide range of tissue engineering applications. |
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| Keywords: | Bilayer membranes Deformation Electrospinning Fibers Mechanical behavior |
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