Cancer metabolism: The Warburg effect today |
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| Authors: | Leonardo M.R. Ferreira |
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| Affiliation: | Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua dos Estudos, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal;Unidade de Química-Física Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal;Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | One of the first studies on the energy metabolism of a tumour was carried out, in 1922, in the laboratory of Otto Warburg. He established that cancer cells exhibited a specific metabolic pattern, characterized by a shift from respiration to fermentation, which has been later named the Warburg effect. Considerable work has been done since then, deepening our understanding of the process, with consequences for diagnosis and therapy. This review presents facts and perspectives on the Warburg effect for the 21st century. |
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| Keywords: | Abbreviations: CL, cardiolipin EGFR, endothelial growth factors receptor ETC, electron transport chain FDG, 18Fluoro-deoxy-glucose F2,6BP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate GLUT, glucose facilitative transporter GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3 HIF-1, hypoxia inducible factor 1 HK, hexokinase MCT, monocarboxylate transporter NHE-1, Na+/H+ exchanger 1 ODD, &ldquo Oxygen Dependent Degradation&rdquo OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase PET, positron emission tomography PFKFB, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase PFK-1, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase PPP, pentose phosphate pathway ROS, reactive oxygen species SCO2, &ldquo Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2&rdquo TIGAR, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator tPMET, trans-plasma membrane electron transporter UCP2, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor VHL, von Hippel-Lindau |
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