The cardiovascular implications of alcohol and red wine

We reviewed the roles of both alcohol and red wine in cardiovascular disease by discussing key animal and human studies. Included are studies regarding alcohol's association with coronary heart disease and the proposed mechanisms of action of alcohol. Likewise, studies concerning red wine's cardiovascular benefit and the mechanisms of action of red wine are discussed. Lastly, we reviewed studies on the adverse effects of alcohol and the current consumption recommendations as stated by the American Heart Association. Moderate alcohol consumption (