小卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者认知损害的随访研究

目的 探讨小卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)患者认知损害随病程进展的变化.方法 前瞻性连续入组小卒中/TIA患者,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)分别在发病7 d内(基线)、1个月和3个月时进行认知功能评估.3个月时MoCA总分较基线增加≥2分的患者为认知功能改善,增加<2分为认知功能无改善.采用logistic回归分析判断认知功能无改善的独立危险因素.结果 共纳入112例小卒中/TIA患者,其中TIA患者63例(56.2%),小卒中患者49例(43.8%).基线、1个月和3个月时分别有77例(68.8%)、72例(64.3%)和60例(53.6%)患者存在认知损害.发病后3个月时有25例(22.3%)出现认知功能改善,其中TIA和小卒中患者分别有19例(76.0%)和6例(24.0%);87例(77.7%)无改善.与改善组比较,无改善组受教育年限水平显著较低[(3.29±3.48)年对(5.63±4.26年;t=2.814,P=0.006),糖化血红蛋白水平显著较高(6.35%±1.26% 对 7.21%±1.26%;t=-3.088,P=0.003),小卒中(49.4%对24.0%;χ2=5.101,P=0.024)、高血压(52.9%对24.0%;χ2=6.509,P=0.011)、高脂血症(51.7%对24.0%;χ2=6.019,P=0.014)、糖尿病(41.4%对16.0%;χ2=5.448,P=0.020)和冠心病(32.2%对8.0%;χ2=5.792,P=0.016)的患者比例显著较高.多变量logistic回归分析显示,受教育水平较低[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.364,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.059~1.756;P=0.016]、心房颤动(OR 2.509,95% CI 1.020~6.167;P=0.045)和糖化血红蛋白较高(OR 1.586,95% CI 1.021~2.034;P=0.030)是小卒中/TIA发病后3个月认知功能无改善的独立危险因素.随着时间的推移,MoCA总分以及视空间执行力、回忆、抽象、定向力评分均显著增高(P均<0.001),而命名、注意力和语言评分差异无统计学意义.结论 约2/3的小卒中/TIA患者存在认知损害,且随着时间的推移有所改善.受教育水平较低、心房颤动和基线糖化血红蛋白较高是影响小卒中/TIA后认知损害无改善的独立危险因素.

Cognitive impairment in patients with minor stroke/TIA: a follow-up study

Objective To investigate the changes of cognitive impairment with disease progression in patients with minor stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA).Methods Consecutive patients with minor stroke/TIA were enrolled prospectively.Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to conduct the cognitive function assessment within 7 d of the onset (baseline),at 1 and 3 months,respectively.Compared with the baseline,the total scores of MoCA in patients increased by ≥2 at 3 months were cognitive function improvement and increased <2 were no cognitive function improvement.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the independent risk factors for no cognitive improvement.Results A total of 112 patients with minor stroke/TIA were enrolled in the study,including 63 patients (56.2%) with TIA and 49 (43.8%) with minor stroke.At baseline,1 month,and 3 months,77 (68.8%),72 (64.3%) and 60 (53.6%) patients had cognitive impairment.At 3 months after the onset,the cognitive function of 25 patients (22.3%) were improved,in which 19 (76.0%) and 6 (24.0%) patients had TIA/minor stroke respectively;87 (77.7%) did not have any improvement.Compared with the improvement group,the level of education was significantly lower (3.29±3.48 years vs.5.63±4.26 years;t=2.814,P=0.006),the level of glycosylated hemoglobin was significantly higher (6.35%±1.26% vs.7.21%±1.26%;t=-3.088,P=0.003) in the no improvement group,and the proportions of patients with minor stroke (49.4% vs.24.0%;χ2=5.101,P=0.024),hypertension (52.9% vs.24.0%;χ2=6.509,P=0.011),hyperlipidemia (51.7% vs.24.0%;χ2=6.019,P=0.014),diabetes (41.4% vs.16.0%;χ2=5.448,P=0.020),and coronary heart disease (32.2% vs.8.0%;χ2=5.792,P=0.016) were significantly higher.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the level of education (odds ratio [OR] 1.364,95% confidence interval [CI] 1.059-1.756;P=0.016),atrial fibrillation (OR 2.509,95% CI 1.020-6.167;P=0.045),and higher glycosylated hemoglobin level (OR 1.586,95% CI 1.021-2.034;P=0.030) were the independent risk factors for no cognitive function improvement at 3 months after the onset of minor stroke/TIA.As time went on,the MoCA score and visual spatial execution,memory,abstract and directional scores were increased significantly (P<0.001),while there were no significant differences in naming,attention,and language scores.Conclusion s About 2/3 patients with minor stroke/TIA had cognitive impairment,and as time went on,they were improved.The lower education level,atrial fibrillation and higher baseline glycated hemoglobin were the independent risk factors for affecting no cognitive impairment improvement after monor stroke/TIA.