Anaesthesia and minimally invasive surgery

Minimally invasive surgery is commonly performed because of various advantages such as reduced postoperative pain, faster recovery, and reduced postoperative pulmonary complications. However, anaesthesia for laparoscopy can be difficult and potentially hazardous in long, complex surgical procedures and in those with significant co-morbidity. Establishment of carbon dioxide (CO₂) pneumoperitoneum produces adverse pathophysiological changes due to increased intraabdominal pressure and hypercapnia, and these are further altered by postural changes. Laparoscopy is also associated with potential complications such as extraperitoneal gas insufflation and pneumothorax. It is important for the anaesthetist to understand the advantages and potential risks. General anaesthesia is most commonly used but neuraxial anaesthesia is possible, although spontaneous ventilation may be difficult. Endotracheal intubation has been a popular technique but supraglottic airway devices are less traumatic, easier to insert and more modern versions provide a good airway seal as well as gastric drainage, should it be required. This article will focus on the pathophysiological changes caused by CO₂ pneumoperitoneum, the anaesthetic management for patients undergoing laparoscopy, and potential complications.