Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae among children attending childcare centres in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia in the post vaccination era: A cross-sectional study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil;1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;2. Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China;3. Suzhou University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou, China;4. Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA;1. I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia;2. I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991 Russia;1. Expanded Programme on Immunization/Communicable Diseases Unit, Mandalay Regional Public Health Department, Ministry of Health and Sports, Mandalay, Myanmar;2. Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan;3. Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan;4. Central Expanded Programme on Immunization, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar;5. Department of Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar;6. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar;7. Central Epidemiological Unit, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar;8. Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundHaemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a human upper respiratory tract colonizer which causes wide range of disease especially in children<5 years old and in the elderly. Although worldwide incidence in industrialised countries where Hib vaccination is commonly used has dropped sharply since implementation of H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination, there is limited data on the disease burden caused by H. influenzae in Malaysia post vaccination era. A change in predominant serotype from type b to non-b serotypes of H. influenzae in invasive diseases was reported worldwide. We investigated the carriage of H. influenzae post vaccination era among 2–4 years old.MethodologyRandomly, we collected 436 oropharyngeal swabs from healthy children aged 2–4 years in 30 registered childcare centres in Kuala Lumpur (August 2018-May 2019). Informed consent and written questionnaires were obtained from parents. H. influenzae was identified by standard microbiological methods. Univariable analysis was carried out to describe variables associated with colonization. All variables with p < 0.25 were included in multivariable logistic regression model. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsA higher carriage rate was noted among the unvaccinated children (4/28; 14.3%) compared to vaccinated children (16/326; 4.9%) but were not statistically significant. The serotypes were type a (9; 37.5%), type b (5; 20.8%), type c (3; 12.5%), type d (2; 8%), type e (1; 4.2%) and type f (4; 16.7%). Variables like age, basic sanitation, immunization status, body mass index were included in multivariable logistic regression test since p values in univariate analysis were<0.25. Planned sewage system was found to be significant (Adjusted OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01–0.46; p = 0.006).ConclusionFewer carriage rates were observed among children post Hib vaccination era. Hib carriage is still possible after vaccination. The presence non-b serotypes may imply emerging replacement serotypes. |
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| Keywords: | Carriage Non-b serotypes Hib |
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