Geographic hot spot analysis of vaccine exemption clustering patterns in Michigan from 2008 to 2017 |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Health and Human Services, 1903 West Michigan Ave, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, United States;2. Michigan Department of Health and Human Service (MDHHS), Division of Immunizations Lansing, MI 48909, United States;3. Department of Mathematics and Science, Alpena Community College, 665 Johnson Street, Alpena, MI 49707, United States;1. Department of Philosophy, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States;2. Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States;3. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia;4. Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Australia;5. Department of General Medicine, Royal Childrens Hospital, Australia;1. Department of Philosophy, Oakland University, Mathematics and Science Center, Room 746, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA;2. Michigan State University, Room 312, Hannah Administration Building, 426 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;3. Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, 509 East Circle Drive, Room 317, East Lansing, MI 48824-1111, USA;1. Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida;2. Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;3. Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;1. School of Environment Management, Block ‘A’ Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi 110075, India;1. Department of Physics, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram, 522 502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India;2. Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Earth and Climate Sciences Area, National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO-Department of Space, Shadnagar, Telangana, 509 202, India |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
ObjectiveThis study explored vaccine exemption clustering in Michigan and examined whether vaccine exemptions clustered by exemption type (medical, religious, and philosophical). Furthermore, the study investigated whether Michigan’s nonmedical vaccine exemption policy change had an impact on type-specific vaccine exemption clusters following its implementation.MethodsThe study used the ArcGIS optimized hot spot analysis tool to visually examine vaccine exemption clustering by type in Michigan. The study analyzed secondary kindergarten vaccine exemption data from 2301 elementary school buildings in Michigan for years spanning 2008 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017 post policy change.ResultsClustering of vaccine exemptions by type was present both before and after implementation of the policy with fewer statistically significant features and differences regarding the distribution of hot spot clusters following the policy change.ConclusionConsidering the heterogeneity in vaccine exemption hot spot clustering by type can help to inform public health officials to areas/communities at high risk for vaccine preventable disease outbreaks. Such analysis can allow for the implementation of vaccine exemption interventions that are exemption type specific and tailored for a given area, thus maximizing impact and making best use of limited public health resources. This analysis was also able to showcase the impact of Michigan’s nonmedical vaccine exemption policy on vaccine exemption hot spot clusters. |
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| Keywords: | Hot spot analysis Vaccine clustering Immunizations Vaccine exemptions Geographic spatial analysis |
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