生命历程视角下丧偶对老年人孤独感的影响研究

目的 从生命历程视角下，通过异质性分析探究丧偶对老年人心理健康的影响，为老年人心理健康促进策略的制定提供参考。方法 基于2011—2018年三期CLHLS数据，采用个体固定效应模型进行分析，按性别、城乡居住地、受教育程度、自评健康状况进行异质性分析，全面探讨丧偶对老年人孤独感的影响。结果 研究发现丧偶对老年人孤独感水平的影响具有统计学意义(β = 0.255，P = 0.002，95%CI:0.946～0.415 )；男性丧偶老年人更容易陷入孤独(β = 0.230，P = 0.01，95%CI:0.946～0.415 )；居住在城镇的老年人丧偶后孤独感显著增强(β = 0.376，P = 0.006，95%CI:0.106～0.645)；受过教育的丧偶老年人会比文盲老人产生更强烈的丧偶孤独感(β = 0.330，P = 0.006，95%CI:0.930～0.568)；自评健康状况不好的老人丧偶后孤独感水平更高(β = 0.408，P = 0.002，95%CI:0.148～0.668)。结论 丧偶是影响老年人孤独感水平的重要生命历程事件；性别、居住在城镇、受过教育以及生活不能自理均是丧偶后导致孤独感水平升高的重要影响因素；建议子女或亲属、社区、志愿者给予丧偶老人更多情感慰藉和心理支持；同时，鼓励老人丧偶后再婚也是降低孤独感的重要举措。

Effect of widowhood on loneliness of the elderly from the perspective of life course

Objective To explore the impact of widowhood on the mental health of the elderly through heterogeneity analysis, to provide reference for the formulation of mental health promotion strategies for the elderly. Methods Based on the three sets of CLHLS panel data from 2011 to 2018, a heterogeneity analysis was conducted by gender, urban and rural residence, educational attainment, and self-rated health status based on an overall analysis using an individual fixed effects model to comprehensively explore the impact of widowhood on loneliness among the elderly. Results The effect of widowhood on loneliness levels in the elderly was statistically significant (β=0.255, P=0.002, 95%CI: 0.946-0.415). Male widowed elderly people were more likely to fall into loneliness (β=0.230, P=0.01, 95%CI: 0.946-0.415), and the elderly living in cities and towns had increased loneliness after widowhood (β=0.376, P=0.006, 95%CI: 0.106-0.645). Educated widowed elderly people had a stronger sense of widowhood loneliness than illiterate older people (β=0.330, P=0.006, 95%CI: 0.930-0.568), and the elderly with poor self-rated health had higher levels of widowhood after widowhood (β=0.408, P=0.002, 95%CI: 0.148-0.668). Conclusion Widowhood is an important life course event that affects the level of loneliness in the elderly. Gender, living in towns, education, and inability to take care of themselves are all important influencing factors that lead to the increase in loneliness level after widowhood. It is recommended that children or relatives, communities, and volunteers give more emotional comfort and psychological support to widowed elderly people. Meanwhile encouraging the elderly to remarry after widowhood is also an important measure to reduce loneliness.