睡眠状况与儿童青少年心理行为问题关联研究

目的 分析儿童青少年睡眠不足、周末睡眠社会时差等睡眠问题与心理行为问题之间的相关性，为预防和改善儿童青少年心理行为问题提供参考依据。方法 2019年4-5月采用立意抽样按照街道—学校类型—学校3个阶段在深圳市宝安区辖区内6个街道选取14所学校，对30 188名1~12年级儿童青少年进行问卷调查。心理行为问题评定采用父母版与学生版困难与长处问卷进行，夜间睡眠时间、周末上床和起床推迟时间、午睡情况等采用自编的《中小学生成长轨迹及健康指数调查问卷》。调整性别、年龄、父母文化程度、学习成绩、学习负担和噪声等混杂因素，采用多因素logistic回归分析睡眠问题与心理行为问题之间的关联强度（OR值）及其95％CI。结果 小学低年级、小学高年级、初中和高中学生睡眠不足分别占90.4％、90.1％、98.2％和98.4％，有19.9％的学生不午睡，19.6％的学生周末推迟起床时间≥2 h，35.1％的学生晚上不固定时间睡觉，15.5％的学生每天不固定时间起床。与夜间睡眠时长8~9 h相比，小学低年级学生夜间睡眠时长≤7 h、7~8 h增加心理行为问题发生风险，睡眠时间>9 h与心理行为问题呈负向关联；小学高年级学生夜间睡眠时长≤7 h增加心理行为问题发生风险；初、高中生夜间睡眠≤6 h者心理行为问题增加，OR值（95％CI）分别为2.53（1.85~3.47）、2.41（1.11~5.25），而夜间睡眠>9 h者心理行为问题也增加，OR值（95％CI）分别为2.37（1.40~4.01）、5.38（1.79~16.1）。与午睡时间0.5~1 h相比，不午睡及午睡时间<0.5 h都是中小学生出现心理行为问题的危险因素，午睡时间1~2 h还是高中生出现心理行为问题的危险因素。早上不固定时间起床、晚上不固定时间睡觉、周末推迟起床≥2 h是中小学生出现心理行为问题的危险因素。周末夜间推迟入睡≥2 h，小学低年级和高年级、初中、高中学生出现心理行为问题的OR值（95％CI）分别为2.07（1.45~2.97）、1.57（1.09~2.26）、2.66（2.06~3.44）、2.48（1.96~3.15）。结论 儿童青少年夜间睡眠不足、不午睡以及睡觉与起床时间不固定与心理行为问题呈正向关联，但夜间睡眠长也是中学生心理行为问题的危险因素。同时，睡眠的社会时差增加了儿童青少年心理行为问题发生风险，小学低年级学生周末入睡推迟0.5 h即与不良心理行为增加有关联。

Sleep status associated with psychological and behavioral problems in adolescents and children

Objective To examine whether sleep status and social jet lag are related to the mental health behaviors in children and adolescents, providing a reference for preventing and improving children and adolescents'' mental health behaviors. Methods A large cross-section was conducted in Baoan District, Shenzhen, from April to May 2019. A total of 30 188 adolescents and children in grades 1-12 in 14 schools were included. The growth trajectory and health index questionnaire of primary and secondary school students were designed to evaluate the sleep status. Mental health behavior problems among students were accessed using the parents'' and students'' versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. After controlling for confounding factors of demographic variables, including gender, age, parental education level, academic performance, learning burden, and noise impact, a multivariate logistic regression model was used for statistical analyses. Results The sleep duration of four grades students were 90.4%,90.1%, 98.2%, and 98.4%, respectively. 19.9% did not have a post-lunch nap. 19.6% had a wake-up delay of more than or equal to 2 h weekend morning. 35.1% had an inconsistent bedtime and 15.5% had an inconsistent awakening time. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that compared with 8-9 h, the sleep duration of elementary school juniors at night less than or equal to 7 h, 7-8 h increased the risk of psychological behavior problems. The sleep time more than 9 h was negatively correlated with psychological behavior problems. The sleep duration of elementary school seniors less than or equal to 7 h increased the risk of psychological behavior problems. The sleep duration of middle school and high school students less than or equal to 6 h increased psychological behavior problems. The ORs (95%CI) appeared as 2.53(1.85-3.47), 2.41(1.11-5.25), respectively. The ones with a sleep time more than 9 h also increased the risk, and ORs (95%CI) appeared as 2.37(1.40-4.01), 5.38 (1.79-16.1), respectively. Both the absence of post-lunch nap and the nap time less than 0.5 h were risk factors for psychological behavior problems in primary and middle school students. The nap time over 1-2 h was also a risk factor for high school students'' psychological behavior problems. Waking up at irregular times in the morning, going to bed at varying times in the evening, and delaying getting up for more than or equal to 2 h on weekends were all risk factors for psychological and behavioral problems among primary and middle school students. The ORs (95%CI) of psychological behavior problems of elementary school juniors and seniors, middle school and high school students were 2.07 (1.45-2.97), 1.57 (1.09-2.26), 2.66 (2.06-3.44), 2.48 (1.96-3.15), respectively. Conclusions Sleep duration, no post-lunch sleep, and daily intraindividual variability of sleep is positively associated with poor mental health. Additionally, social jet lag is associated with mental health problems in students. It is noted that delaying sleep within half an hour on the weekends of elementary school juniors is significantly associated with an increase in bad mental behavior.