2008~2017年青岛地区变应性鼻炎常见吸入性变应原分布

目的 研究青岛地区近10年变应性鼻炎患者常见吸入性变应原的人群分布特征。 方法 对青岛市2008~2017年就诊的4 737例变应性鼻炎患者进行皮肤点刺试验,选择青岛地区常见的吸入性变应原进行检测,并对结果进行统计分析。 结果 阳性率前5位的变应原分别是粉尘螨、户尘螨、蟑螂、大籽蒿花粉、梧桐花粉。槐树花粉以轻度过敏为主,其他变应原均以中度或中重度过敏为主。尘螨的阳性率高峰出现在8月到次年1月,大籽蒿花粉和豚草花粉的阳性率高峰为夏季,梧桐花粉的阳性率高峰为5~8月,槐树花粉的阳性率高峰为春季,蟑螂过敏的阳性率在9月份最高,猫毛、狗毛和产黄青霉在夏季阳性率最高。在过敏人群中,以同时对两种变应原和三种变应原过敏的人群为主,对单种变应原和四种及以上变应原过敏者较少。粉尘螨和产黄青霉的阳性率高峰出现在7~17岁年龄段,其他变应原的阳性率高峰均出现在18~40岁年龄段。男性人群和女性人群在粉尘螨、户尘螨、大籽蒿花粉、梧桐花粉阳性率上的差异无统计学意义,女性人群对豚草花粉、槐树花粉、猫毛、狗毛、产黄青霉过敏的阳性率高于男性,男性人群对蟑螂过敏的阳性率高于女性。 结论 青岛地区近10年变应性鼻炎患者主要的吸入性变应原为尘螨、蟑螂和花粉,变应原种类以同时对两种变应原过敏为主,尘螨的阳性率高峰为7月到11月,花粉的阳性率高峰主要集中在春秋两季,动物皮屑和霉菌在夏季阳性率最高,大部分吸入性变应原在18~40岁年龄段阳性率最高,不同性别对尘螨、大籽蒿花粉、梧桐花粉过敏的阳性率差异无统计学意义,在其他变应原上则体现出性别差异。

Characteristics of the distribution of inhaled allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in Qingdao from 2008 to 2017

Objective To study the characteristics of the distribution of common inhaled allergens in a populations of allergic rhinitis patients in Qingdao over the past ten years. Methods The skin prick test was performed on 4 737 patients with allergic rhinitis who visited the hospital in Qingdao from 2008 to 2017. Commonly inhaled allergens in Qingdao were selected for detection and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The five most common allergens that had a positive result on the skin prick test were dust mites, house dust mites, cockroaches, Artemisia grandis pollen, and sycamore pollen. Locust tree pollen caused a mild allergic reaction, while other allergens caused mainly moderate or moderately severe allergic reactions. The highest rate of dust mite allergy appeared from August to January. The highest rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala pollen and ragweed pollen allergies appeared in the summer. The highest rate of sycamore pollen allergy appeared from May to August. The highest rate of ash tree pollen allergy appeared in the spring and autumn. The highest positive rate of cockroach allergy appeared in September. The highest rate of cat and dog hair, and yellow-producing penicillium allergy appeared in summer. Among the allergic patients, those who were allergic to two or three allergens at the same time comprised the majority of the sample, and those who were allergic to a single allergen or four or more allergens comprised a smaller proportion of the sample. The highest rate of dust mite and yellow-producing penicillium allergy appeared in patients aged 7-17 years, while the highest rate for other allergies appeared in patients aged 18-40 years. There was no significant difference between the male and female populations in the rate of dust mite, house dust mite, wormwood pollen, or sycamore pollen allergy; the female population had a higher rate of allergy to ragwort pollen, locust tree pollen, cat hair, dog hair, and yellow-producing mildew than the male population, and the male populations had a higher rate of allergy to cockroaches than the female population. Conclusion The main inhaled allergens causing allergic rhinitis in the Qingdao area in the past ten years were dust mites, cockroaches, and pollen. Among the allergic patients, those who were allergic to two allergens at the same time comprised the majority of the group. The highest rate of dust mite allergy appeared in July and November. The highest rate of pollen allergy appeared in the spring and autumn. The highest rate of animal hair and mold allergy appeared in the summer. Most allergies were most common in the 18-40-year-old age group. There was no difference in the rates of dust mite, Artemisia pollen, or sycamore pollen allergy between sexes. Sex differences were present for other allergens.