Arterial calcification in dialysis patients and transplant recipients

Calcification of the cardiovascular system is well recognized in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving dialysis, persists following successful kidney transplantation, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Whether deposition of calcium in the arteries of such individuals contributes to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remains uncertain as do the clinical advantages of slowing this process. However, detecting vascular calcification using simple imaging techniques such as plain radiographs or ultrasound can provide valuable information as to the nature of bone disease in patients receiving dialysis and may help to guide therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Further advances in our understanding of arterial calcification and its relationship to bone disease are likely to help in the future development of therapies for these interrelated conditions.