上海地区复旦大学附属儿科医院近10年儿童泌尿道感染病原菌分布及其耐药性变迁

目的 了解泌尿道感染患儿病原菌的构成和耐药变化.方法 以复旦大学附属儿科医院2001年1月至2010年12月间临床诊断为泌尿道感染的患儿为研究对象,对尿液进行细菌培养和鉴定.药物敏感试验采用琼脂扩散法(KB).计数资料采用卡方检验,耐药率的趋势变化采用曲线回归分析.结果 10年间共分离到10 686株致病菌,致病菌构成比分析显示,大肠埃希菌的分离率最高,为38％～56％.粪肠球菌从0升至17％ (F=34.075,P=0.000),屎肠球菌从3％升至15％(F=7.139,P=0.028).大肠埃希菌对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛钠、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶的耐药率呈上升趋势,分别从35.8％上升至62.3％(F=215.735,P=0.000)、33.1％上升至57.0％(F=70.674,P=0.000)、19.0％上升至56.5％(F=52.355,P=0.000)、2.1％上升至23.5％(F=16.807,P=0.003);大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星的耐药率在23.4％～33.8％(F=20.989,P=0.349),对阿米卡星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率均不超过7％,未发现对亚胺堵南耐药.屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星的耐药率分别超过60.0％及50.0％,对呋喃妥因的耐药率从32.0％降到9.4％(F=34.075,P=0.000).粪肠球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率由40.0％降到9.6％(F=17.497,P=0.009),对环丙沙星的耐药率从60.0％降到21.6％(F=12.826,P=0.009),对呋喃妥因的耐药率从9.2％降到1.4％(F=7.139,P=0.028).两种肠球菌对红霉素的耐药率均超过75.0％,未发现对万古霉素耐药的肠球菌.结论 大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌是儿童泌尿道感染的三种主要致病菌,肠球菌在泌尿道感染致病菌中的构成比呈上升趋势.氨苄西林对粪肠球菌仍敏感,而屎肠球菌可选择药物已很少.

Distribution and evolvement of resistance profiles of the pathogens in children diagnosed with urinary tract infection in Children's Hospital of Fudan University in the recent 10 years

Objective To investigate the distribution and evolvement of resistance profiles of the pathogens isolated from children diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI).Methods The pediatric patients who were diagnosed with UTI in Children's Hospital of Fudan University from January 2001 to December 2010 were enrolled in this retrospective study.The clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and the pathogens were isolated by culture.Bacterial susceptibility test was performed by following a protocol of the standardized Kirby Bauer (KB) method.The enumeration data were analyzed by chi square test and the tendency of drug resistant rate was analyzed by curvilinear regression.Results A total of 10 686 pathogen strains were isolated during the past 10years.The major pathogen was Escherichia coli which counted for 38％ -56％ of the isolates.However,the proportion of Enterococcus faecalis (0 - 17％,F =34.075,P =0.000) and Enterococcus faecium (3 ％ - 15 ％,F =7.139,P =0.028) increased rapidly.The resistant rates of Escherichia coli to cefazolin,cefuroxime sodium,cefotaxime and ceftazidime were 35.8％- 62.3％(F=215.735,P=0.000),33.1％ -57.0％(F=70.674,P=0.000),19.0％ -56.5％(F=52.355,P=0.000) and 2.1％-23.5％(F=16.807,P=0.003),respectively.The resistant rate of Escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin was 23.4％ - 33.8 ％ (F=0.989,P=0.349),while the resistant rate of Escherichia coli to amikacin and cefoperozone/sulbactam were both less than 7％.There was no Escherichia coli isolate showing resistant to imipenem.The resistant rates of Enterococcus faecium to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin were higher than 60.0％ and 50.0％,respectively,while the resistant rate of Enterococcus faecalis to these two antibiotics decreased from 40.0％ to 9.6 ％ (F =17.497,P =0.009) and 60.0％ to 21.6％ (F=12.826,P=0.009),respectively.The resistant rate of Enterococcus faecium to nitrofurantoin decreased from 32 ％ (in the year of 2002) to 9.4％ (in the year of 2010,F=34.075,P=0.000) and the resistant rate of Enterococcus faecalis decreased from 9.2％ (in the year of 2005) to 1.4％ (in the year of 2010,F=7.139,P=0.028).The resistant rates to erythromycin were both higher than 75.0％ in both Enterococcus in recent 10 years.There was no Enterococcus isolates showing resistant to vancomycin.Conclusions Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common pathogens associated with UTI in children.The proportions of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium among the pathogens of UTI are increasing.The antimicrobial activity of ampicillin to Enterococcus faecalis keeps at a high level.However,there are few drugs can be used for treating Enterococcus faecium infection.