Clinical subtypes in panic disorder: their descriptive and prospective validity |
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| Authors: | R Buller W Maier O Benkert |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom;2. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA;5. Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA;6. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;7. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA;8. Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA;9. Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland;2. Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;1. Studi Cognitivi, Foro Buonaparte 57, 20121 Milano, Italy;2. School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK;3. Azienda Sanitaria di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy;4. Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy;5. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Ricerca, Foro Buonaparte 57, 20121 Milano, Italy;6. Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia;7. Sigmund Freud University, Campus Prater Freudplatz 1 1020 Wien, Austria, and Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milano, Italy;1. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Spain;2. University of Leuven, Belgium;1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands;2. Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | In a sample of 97 patients with panic attacks, presence of agoraphobia was associated with a more severe syndrome of panic anxiety both at index assessment and during one-year follow-up but was not associated with increased incidence of major depression. Groups with a history of depression--primary or secondary to the onset of panic--did not differ from the group without depression when severity of anxiety was concerned but were more severely impaired and had a higher incidence of further depressive episodes during follow-up. For future classification of panic disorder, subtypes defined according to associated syndromes of agoraphobia or depression are proposed, since these conditions appear constant through follow-up. |
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