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Mechanisms and biomarkers of immune quiescence in kidney transplantation
Authors:Chitranon Chan-on  Juliane M. Liberto  Minnie M. Sarwal
Affiliation:1. Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;2. Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Abstract:This review discusses the current understanding of biomarkers of immune quiescence based on reviews of published literature in kidney transplant operational tolerance and mechanistic studies based on a better characterization of the stable, well-functioning renal allograft.
Keywords:5′AMP  5′ adenosine monophosphate  ADO  adenosine  DSAs  anti-donor specific antibodies  APC  antigen-presenting cell  CXCL-9  chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9  cAMP  cyclic adenosine monophosphate  CTLA4  cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4  ELISAs  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays  Fas/Fas-L  fas cell surface death receptor, fas cell surface death receptor-ligand  FoxP3+  forkhead box protein 3  GEO  gene expression omnibus  IS  immunosuppressive  IOT  indices of tolerance  IDO  indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase  ICER  inducible cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) early repressor  iNOS  inducible nitric oxide synthase  IFN  interferon  IL-1β  interleukin -1β  IL-10  interleukin-10  IL-35  interleukin-35  IL-6  interleukin-6  kSORT  kidney solid organ response test  mRNA  messenger RNA  miRNA  microRNA  pDCs  plasmacytoid dendritic cells  PGE2  prostaglandin E2  qPCR  quantitative polymerase chain reaction  Bregs  regulatory B cells  Mregs  regulatory macrophages  Tregs  regulatory T cells  RE  reticuloendothelial  TIM3  T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3  Helper T cells  Th  CLIA  the clinical laboratory improvement amendments  FDA  the food and drug administration  ITN  the immune tolerance network  TAIC-II  the transplant acceptance-inducing cell II trial  TRAIL  TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand  TGF-β  tumor growth factor-β  TNF  tumor necrosis factor  TRANCE  tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related activation-induced cytokine  Immune tolerance  Tolerant footprint  Molecular biomarkers  Regulatory dendritic cells  Regulatory T cells
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