Studying the immune response to human viral infections using zebrafish |
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| Authors: | Michelle F. Goody Con Sullivan Carol H. Kim |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;2. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA |
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| Abstract: | Humans and viruses have a long co-evolutionary history. Viral illnesses have and will continue to shape human history: from smallpox, to influenza, to HIV, and beyond. Animal models of human viral illnesses are needed in order to generate safe and effective antiviral medicines, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines. These animal models must support the replication of human viruses, recapitulate aspects of human viral illnesses, and respond with conserved immune signaling cascades. The zebrafish is perhaps the simplest, most commonly used laboratory model organism in which innate and/or adaptive immunity can be studied. Herein, we will discuss the current zebrafish models of human viral illnesses and the insights they have provided. We will highlight advantages of early life stage zebrafish and the importance of innate immunity in human viral illnesses. We will also discuss viral characteristics to consider before infecting zebrafish with human viruses as well as predict other human viruses that may be able to infect zebrafish. |
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| Keywords: | HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1 CHIKV, chikungunya virus IAV, influenza A virus HCV, hepatitis C virus (q)PCR, (quantitative) polymerase chain reaction ISH, in situ hybridization IHC, immunohistochemistry CNS, central nervous system TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious dose EID50, 50% embryo infectious dose MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney IFN, interferon Hpi/dpi, hours post-infection/days post-infection Hpf/dpf, hours post-fertilization/days post-fertilization MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein CRFB1/CRFB2, cytokine receptor family member b1/b2 PRR, pattern recognition receptor PHB, prohibitin PFU, plaque forming units NS1-GFP, strain of human IAV engineered to express GFP fused to the non-structural NS1 gene product mpx, myeloid-specific peroxidase mpeg1, macrophage expressed 1 fli1, friend leukemia integration 1 mxa, myxovirus (influenza) resistance a |
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