Sex Differences in Heart Failure |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute & Department of Population Health Science & Policy at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;2. National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK;3. Northwestern University, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;4. Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;5. Winters Center for Heart Failure, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas;6. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;7. Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;8. Trial Design, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Brookline, Massachusetts;9. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;10. Ascension St Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis, Indiana;11. University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona;1. Department Attilio Reale, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy;3. Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy;4. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain;5. Cardiovascular Pathology, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy;6. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London and St. Bartholomew''s Hospital, London, United Kingdom;1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine;2. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences;3. Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery;4. Division of Community Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Heart failure (HF) continues to be a major contributor of morbidity and mortality for men and women alike, yet how the predisposition for, course and management of HF differ between men and women remains underexplored. Sex differences in traditional risk factors as well as sex-specific risk factors influence the prevalence and manifestation of HF in unique ways. The pathophysiology of HF differs between men and women and may explain sex-specific differences in clinical presentation and diagnosis. This in turn, contributes to variation in response to both pharmacologic and device/surgical therapy. This review examines sex-specific differences in HF spanning prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, presentation, and therapies with a specific focus on highlighting gaps in knowledge with calls to action for future research efforts. |
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