Headache characteristics in subarachnoid haemorrhage and benign thunderclap headache

One third of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage(ASAH) present with headache only. A prompt diagnosis is crucial, butthese patients must be distinguished from patients withnon-haemorrhagic benign thunderclap headache (BTH). The headachecharacteristics and associated features at onset in subarachnoidhaemorrhage and benign thunderclap headache were studied to delineatethe range of early features in these conditions. In this prospectivestudy, one of two observers interviewed 102 patients with acute severe headache by means of a standard questionnaire. The patients were alerton admission and had no focal deficits. ASAH was subsequently diagnosedin 42 patients, non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic haemorrhage (PMH) in23 patients, and BTH in 37 patients. Headache developed almostinstantaneously in 50% of patients with ASAH, 35% of patients withPMH, and 68% of patients with BTH and within 1 to 5 minutes in 19%,35%, and 19%, respectively. Loss of consciousness was reported in26% of patients with ASAH, 4% of patients with PMH and 16% ofpatients with BTH, and transient focal symptoms in 33%, 9%, and 22%respectively. Seizures and double vision had occurred only in ASAH.Vomiting and physical exertion preceding the onset of headache weremore frequent in patients with ASAH (69% and 50%) and those with PMH(83% and 39%) than in those with BTH (43% and 22%). Headachedeveloped almost instantaneously in only half the patients withaneurysmal rupture and in two thirds of patients with benignthunderclap headache. In patients with acute severe headache, femalesex, the presence of seizures, a history of loss of consciousness orfocal symptoms, vomiting, or exertion increases the probability ofASAH, but these characteristics are of limited value in distinguishingASAH from BTH. Aneurysmal rupture should be considered even if focalsigns are absent and the headache starts within minutes.