1-Methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol) is toxic to dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells via impairment of cellular energy metabolism

The endogenous neurotoxin 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol), which is structurally similar to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), has been reported to inhibit mitochondrial complex I (NADH-Q reductase) activity as does the MPTP metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)). However, the mechanism of salsolinol leading to neuronal cell death is still unknown. Thus, we correlated indices of cellular energy production and cell viability in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells after exposure to salsolinol and compared these results with data obtained with MPP(+). Both toxins induce time and dose-dependent decrease in cell survival with IC(50) values of 34 microM and 94 microM after 72 h for salsolinol and MPP(+), respectively. Furthermore, salsolinol and MPP(+) produce a decrease of intracellular net ATP content with IC(50) values of 62 microM and 66 microM after 48 h, respectively. In contrast to MPP(+), salsolinol does not induce an increase of intracellular net NADH content. In addition, enhancing glycolysis by adding D-glucose to the culture medium protects the cells against MPP(+) but not salsolinol induced cellular ATP depletion and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that cell death induced by salsolinol is due to impairment of cellular energy supply, caused in particular by inhibition of mitochondrial complex II (succinate-Q reductase), but not complex I.