Contribution of Adenosine A2B Receptors in Clostridium difficile Intoxication and Infection |
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| Authors: | Cirle A. Warren Yuesheng Li Gina M. Calabrese Rosemayre S. Freire Snjezana Zaja-Milatovic Edward van Opstal Robert A. Figler Joel Linden Richard L. Guerrant |
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| Affiliation: | aDepartment of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA;bFederal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil;cHemoshear, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA;dLa Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA |
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| Abstract: | Clostridium difficile toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) induce a pronounced systemic and intestinal inflammatory response. A2B adenosine receptors (A2BARs) are the predominant adenosine receptors in the intestinal epithelium. We investigated whether A2BARs are upregulated in human intestinal cells by TcdA or TcdB and whether blockade of A2BARs can ameliorate C. difficile TcdA-induced enteritis and alter the outcome of C. difficile infection (CDI). Adenosine receptor subtype (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) mRNAs were assayed in HCT-8 cells. Ileal loops from wild-type rabbits and mice and A2BAR−/− mice were treated with TcdA, with or without the selective A2BAR antagonist ATL692 or PSB1115. A murine model of CDI was used to determine the effect of A2BAR deletion or blockade with the orally available agent ATL801, on clinical outcome, histopathology and intestinal interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression from infection. TcdA and TcdB upregulated A2BAR gene expression in HCT-8 cells. ATL692 decreased TcdA-induced secretion and epithelial injury in rabbit ileum. Deletion of A2BARs reduced secretion and histopathology in TcdA-challenged mouse ileum. Deletion or blockade of A2BARs reduced histopathology, IL-6 expression, weight loss, diarrhea, and mortality in C. difficile-infected mice. A2BARs mediate C. difficile toxin-induced enteritis and disease. Inhibition of A2BAR activation may be a potential strategy to limit morbidity and mortality from CDI. |
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