湘西自治州2008-2011年狂犬病监测分析

目的了解狂犬病暴露人群及狂犬病疫情流行特征,评价预防处置效果,为预防和控制狂犬病提供依据。方法对2008-2011年湘西自治州狂犬病暴露人群资料及狂犬病疫情资料进行分析。结果 2008-2011年狂犬病年度暴露数分别为15 509例、11 412例、9 845例、8 986例,暴露率分别为62.80/万、46.03/万、39.53/万、35.27/万,年均暴露率45.81/万。犬伤暴露占87.24%。2008-2011年湘西自治州狂犬病共报告发病48例,1例猫伤暴露,2例不详外,45例犬伤暴露。发病率分别为0.53/10万、0.20/10万、0.68/10万、0.51/10万,年均发病率为0.48/10万。Ⅰ级暴露占18.78%,Ⅱ级暴露占45.19%,Ⅲ级暴露占36.03%。Ⅱ、Ⅲ级暴露41例,占85.4%。门诊处理伤口3例,自行处理8例,未处理36例。接种疫苗2例,接种狂免1例,不详1例。结论消除或控制狂犬病发生的关键在于提高犬只免疫率。而研发新型兽用狂犬病疫苗,及时发现狂犬病暴露人群,加强狂犬病防治知识宣传,加强医务人员的培训,规范处理伤口,全程使用狂犬疫苗等举措,都将有利于控制狂犬疫情。

Analysis on Surveillance of Rabies in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture from 2008 to 2011

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of rabies and population exposed to rabies,to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and management,and to offer evidence for prevention and control of rabies in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture.Methods The information of population exposed to rabies and the data of rabies surveillance in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture from 2008 to 2011 were collected and analyzed.Results There were 15,509,11,412,9,845 and 8,986 cases of rabies exposure in 2008,2009,2010,and 2011,respectively.The exposure rates in 2008,2009,2010,and 2011 were 62.80/10,000,46.03/10,000,39.53/10,000,and 35.27/10,000,respectively,with the average annual exposure rate of 45.81/10,000.The dog bite cases accounted for 87.24%.There were 48 cases of rabies reported in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture from 2008 to 2011,including one case of injury by cat,two cases of unknown injuries,and 45 cases of injuries by dogs.The incidence rates in 2008,2009,2010,and 2011 were 0.53/10,000,0.20/10,000,0.68/10,000,and 0.51/10,000,respectively,with the average annual incidence rate of 0.48/10,000.The exposure ratios of class I,II,and III were 18.78%,45.19%,and 36.03%,respectively.There were 41 cases of class II and III exposure,accounting for 85.4%.3 cases were treated in outpatient department,8 cases were self-treated,and 36 cases were untreated.There were 2 cases with inoculating rabies vaccine,1 case with inoculating human rabies immunoglobulin,and one case with an unknown vaccination status.Conclusions The key point of elimination or control of rabies is to improve the vaccination coverage of the dog population.The results indicate that the following countermeasures may be beneficial for controlling the rabies epidemic,which include developing new rabies vaccines for animals,timely detecting rabies in the exposed populations,strengthening the propaganda of rabies prevention and control,enhancing the training of medical staff,standardizing wound disposal,and implementing complete vaccination.