Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility of Antibiotic-Loaded Chitosan Hydrogels as a Potential Scaffold in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York;2. Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;1. Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California;2. Department of Endodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California;3. Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland;4. Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California;1. Doctoral Studies of the Faculty of Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland;2. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland;1. Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana;2. Graduate Program in Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos Dental School, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana;2. Department of Endodontics, Case School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionThe objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of several antibiotic-loaded hydrogel scaffolds against Enterococcus faecalis, as well as their ability to stimulate proliferation and mineralization of dental pulp stem cells.MethodsFibrin (Fg) or chitosan-fibrin hydrogels (Ch) were prepared using 12.5 mg/mL fibrinogen and 0.4% (w/v) chitosan. Triple antibiotics, clindamycin-modified triple antibiotic paste, or double antibiotics were loaded in gels (1 mg/mL). Antibacterial effect against E. faecalis biofilm was determined by using colony-forming units (CFUs) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Cell viability and morphology were determined by loading cells into different gels at 7 and 14 days using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 cell viability assay and Live & Dead cell analysis. Mineralization was detected by using alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining activity.ResultsAntibiotic-loaded Fg gel and Ch gel alone without antibiotics resulted in a significant reduction in CFUs compared with the positive control (P < .05). When antibiotics were loaded in Ch gel, there were no CFUs detected in any groups (P < .05). CLSM images showed dense red areas with mostly dead bacteria on the dentin surface in antibiotic-loaded Ch groups, which showed significantly less live bacteria compared with the other groups (P < .05). Triple antibiotic-loaded Fg and Ch gels resulted in a dramatic decrease in the mineralized nodule formation compared with all other gel groups (P < .05). Ch hydrogels resulted in round cell morphology up to 7 days. Ch alone or with double antibiotic paste showed more cell spreading with spindle-shaped morphology at 14 days and higher alkaline phosphatase activity compared with other antibiotic-loaded Ch groups (P > .05).ConclusionsDouble antibiotic-loaded Ch gel appears to enhance the antibacterial properties while maintaining higher cell viability, cell spreading, and mineralization activity, compared with all the other scaffolds investigated. |
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| Keywords: | Antibacterial gel chitosan dental pulp stem cell fibrin hydrogel regenerative endodontics |
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