Influenza vaccination and the endurance against air pollution among elderly with acute coronary syndrome |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan;2. Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan;3. Public Health Bureau, Yunlin County, Taiwan;4. Department of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan;5. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan;6. School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan;7. Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan;8. Institute of Statistics and Information Science, National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan;1. Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;2. Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;5. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;3. Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands;4. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;1. Center for Musculoskeletal Medicine & Rehabilitation, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Brussels, Belgium;2. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;3. Department of Mathematics, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium;4. Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;1. Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;2. Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China;1. Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2, PL-44 100 Gliwice, Poland;2. Centre for Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Boles?awa Krzywoustego 8, PL-44 100 Gliwice, Poland;3. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, GéoSciences & Environnement Département, CNRS:UMR 5600, EVS, 158, cours Fauriel, F-42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;2. Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;4. Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveAir pollution, weather condition and influenza are known risk factors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among elderly people. The influenza vaccine (IV) has been shown to reduce major cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was to compare resistance to air pollution and weather factors causing ACS between vaccinated and less-vaccinated elderly people.MethodsA case–crossover design was applied to 1835 elderly ACS patients who were obtained from the 1-million sample of Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Data with inclusion criteria: (1) the first diagnosis of ACS was in cold season and at age 68 or more, (2) had received the free IV program at least once during the period 3 years before the ACS. They were stratified into two groups: 707 had received flu vaccinations for all the 3 years and the remaining 1128 had not. The measurements of air pollutants, temperature, and humidity corresponding to each of the 3 days prior to the ACS diagnosis date were retrieved from the data banks of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration and Central Weather Bureau.FindingsIncreases in air pollution concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10 or PM2.5 and decreases in temperature significantly influenced the risk of ACS for the non-continuously vaccinated elderly population; however, less significant effects were observed for the continuously vaccinated population.ConclusionConsecutive influenza vaccination may potentially offer resistance against the detrimental effects of air pollution and changes in temperature in frail elderly adults with ACS. Future studies are needed to directly assess the interaction effect between the vaccination and environmental factors on ACS. |
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| Keywords: | Acute coronary syndrome Air pollution Influenza vaccine Case–crossover Meteorology |
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