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Effect of Vitamin D-Enriched Gouda-Type Cheese Consumption on Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women in Greece
Authors:George Moschonis  Ellen GHM van den Heuvel  Christina Mavrogianni  Yannis Manios
Institution:1.Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;2.FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, Post Box 1551, 3800 BN Amersfoort, The Netherlands;3.Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (Y.M.)
Abstract:Considering the role of bone metabolism in understanding the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of vitamin D-enriched cheese on the serum concentrations of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and certain bone remodeling biomarkers in postmenopausal women in Greece. In a randomised, controlled dietary intervention, 79 postmenopausal women (55–75 years old) were randomly allocated either to a control (CG: n = 39) or an intervention group (IG: n = 40), consuming 60 g of either non-enriched or vitamin D3-enriched Gouda-type cheese (5.7 μg of vitamin D3), respectively, daily and for eight weeks during the winter. The serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), PTH, bone formation (i.e., osteocalcin, P1NP) and bone resorption (i.e., TRAP-5b) biomarkers were measured. Consumption of the vitamin D-enriched cheese led to higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 23.4 ± 6.39 (p = 0.022) and 13.4 ± 1.35 (p < 0.001) nmol/L in vitamin D-insufficient women being at menopause for less and more than 5 years, respectively. In vitamin D-insufficient women that were less than 5 years at menopause, consumption of vitamin D-enriched cheese was also associated with lower serum PTH (Beta −0.63 ± 1.11; p < 0.001) and TRAP-5b (Beta −0.65 ± 0.23; p = 0.004) levels at follow-up, compared with the CG. The present study showed that daily intake of 5.7 μg of vitamin D through enriched cheese increased serum 25(OH)D concentrations, prevented PTH increase and reduced bone resorption in vitamin D-insufficient early postmenopausal women, thus reflecting a potential food-based solution for reducing the risk of bone loss occurring after menopause.
Keywords:postmenopausal women  vitamin D  bone remodeling  cheese  enriched dairy
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