Bone formation at recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-coated titanium implants in the posterior maxilla (Type IV bone) in non-human primates

Background: Studies using ectopic rodent and orthotopic canine models (Type II bone) have shown that titanium porous oxide (TPO) surface implants adsorbed with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) induce local bone formation including osseointegration. The objective of this study was to evaluate local bone formation and osseointegration at such implants placed into Type IV bone. Material and Methods: rhBMP‐2‐coated implants were installed into the edentulated posterior maxilla in eight young adult Cynomolgus monkeys: four animals each received three TPO implants adsorbed with rhBMP‐2 (2.0 mg/ml) and four animals each received three TPO implants adsorbed with rhBMP‐2 (0.2 mg/ml). Contra‐lateral jaw quadrants received three TPO implants without rhBMP‐2 (control). Treatments were alternated between left and right jaw quadrants. Mucosal flaps were advanced and sutured to submerge the implants. The animals received fluorescent bone markers at weeks 2, 3, 4, and at week 16 when they were euthanized for histologic analysis. Results: Clinical healing was uneventful. Extensive local bone formation was observed in animals receiving implants adsorbed with rhBMP‐2 (2.0 mg/ml). The newly formed bone exhibited a specific pinpoint bone–implant contact pattern regardless of rhBMP‐2 concentration resulting in significant osseointegration; rhBMP‐2 (2.0 mg/ml): 43% and rhBMP‐2 (0.2 mg/ml): 37%. Control implants exhibited a thin layer of bone covering a relatively larger portion of the implant threads. Thus, TPO control implants bone exhibited significantly greater bone–implant contact (～75%; p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between rhBMP‐2‐coated and control implants relative to any other parameter including peri‐implant and intra‐thread bone density. Conclusion: rhBMP‐2‐coated TPO implants enhanced/accelerated local bone formation in Type IV bone in a dose‐dependent fashion in non‐human primates resulting in significant osseointegration. rhBMP‐2‐induced de novo bone formation did not reach the level of osseointegration observed in native resident bone within the 16‐week interval.