Prevention of Clostridium difficile infections—The role of vaccines and therapeutic immunoglobulins |
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| Institution: | 1. Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Vaccine Research, West Point, PA;2. Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kenilworth, NJ;1. Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA;1. Department of Automation, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China;2. School of Information Technology, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada;1. Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam;2. Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam;3. Department of Mathematics, Dong Thap University, Cao Lanh City, Viet Nam;4. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam;5. School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;1. Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK;2. Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;1. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89068 Ulm, Germany;2. College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Zhoukou Normal University, 466001, Zhoukou, China |
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| Abstract: | Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium that causes sometimes severe infections of the gut of affected individuals. The high prevalence of C. difficile infections has caused the Center for Disease Control to characterize this disease as “an immediate health threat that requires urgent and aggressive action.” A major issue with existing treatments for C. difficile is their reliance on antibiotics to kill the bacterium. These antibacterial agents cause disruptions in the gut flora that normally compete with C. difficile, rendering the gut lumen susceptible to a new round of infection or to germination of persistent C. difficile spores. This cycle of infection and recurrence underscores the need for novel approaches to the treatment and prevention of C. difficile infections. This review summarizes previous and ongoing efforts to develop active and passive immunization strategies for the prevention of primary and recurrent C. difficile infections. |
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