核酸适体在儿童恶性肿瘤诊断与靶向治疗中的研究进展

核酸适体（aptamer）是运用指数富集的配体系统进化技术（SELEX）从体外人工合成的随机寡核苷酸序列库中经过多轮筛选后得到的单链DNA或RNA，它可以高亲和力与金属离子、小分子、糖类、脂质以及蛋白质等靶标特异性结合，具有制备方便、热稳定性好、低免疫原性等优点。核酸适体在分子成像、生物传感、疾病早期诊断及药物靶向治疗等生物医学领域中有很大的应用潜能。在儿童恶性肿瘤中，核酸适体技术具有实现肿瘤的早期诊断以及靶向治疗的应用前景，可避免传统化疗带来的儿童生长发育障碍以及远期的脏器功能不良等副作用。本文总结了与儿童恶性肿瘤相关的核酸适体筛选与应用的研究进展。

Research advances in the role of aptamers in the diagnosis and targeted therapy of pediatric cancer

Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA which are isolated from synthesized random oligonucleotide library in vitro via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and can bind to metal ions, small molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and others targets with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers have the advantages of simple preparation, good thermal stability, and low immunogenicity and have great potential in the medical fields such as molecular imaging, biosensing, early diagnosis of diseases, and targeted therapy. Aptamer technology may be useful for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of pediatric cancer, and may avoid the side effects of conventional chemotherapy, such as growth and development disorders and long-term organ dysfunction. This article reviews the latest research advances in the selection and application of aptamers for pediatric cancer.