异位骨化

通过复习异位骨化的相关文献，详细介绍了异位骨化的发病机制、分类、发生率、分型、发病因素、临床表现、诊断、预防及治疗方法。异位骨化是指在正常情况下没有骨组织的软组织内形成的新生骨，在组织学上，成熟的异位骨化与骨痂一致。其形成一般需三个条件：①成骨诱导物；②成骨的前体细胞；③允许成骨的组织环境。早期表现包括关节周围疼痛、发热、红肿，逐渐出现关节活动受限。三相核素骨扫描是早期检测异位骨化的最敏感指标，并可以判断病变的活动性和成熟度。非甾体类消炎药(NSAIDs)是目前公认的预防人工髋关节置换和髋臼骨折术后异位骨化形成的最有效的药物。手术切除是异位骨化形成后导致严重关节功能障碍患者的唯一治疗手段。

Heterotopic ossification

We review the literature about Heterotopic Ossification (HO) and introduce its pathophysiology, classification, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment in this article. HO is the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist. Mature HO has the same morphology as callus. It is considered that 3 conditions are necessary for HO: osteogenic precursor cells, inducing agents, and a permissive environment. Fever, swelling, erythema, and occasional joint tenderness appear in the early stage of HO. The most sensitive imaging modality for early detection of HO is three-phase bone scintigraphy which can also monitor the metabolic activity and degree of maturity of HO. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most effective for the prophylaxis of HO after the operation of hip replacement or acetabulum fracture. Surgical resection is the only treatment for patients with severe joint tenderness following HO.