Extrapontine myelinolysis caused by rapid correction of pituitrin-induced severe hyponatremia: A case report

BACKGROUND Severe hyponatremia is considered a rare complication of pituitrin, which is widely used for the treatment of pulmonary hemorrhage. However, the management of pituitrin-associated hyponatremia can be challenging because a rapid correction of hyponatremia may cause the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome, resulting in life-threatening neurological injuries.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old Chinese man with massive hemoptysis developed symptomatic hyponatremia(116 mmol/L) after therapy by a continuous intravenous drip of pituitrin. To normalize his serum sodium, a hypertonic saline infusion was applied for 3 d, and the pituitrin administration was stopped concurrently. Then,an overly rapid increase in serum sodium level(18 mmol/L in 24 h) was detected after treatment. One day later, the patient experienced a sudden onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, as well as subsequent dysarthria and dystonia.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed increased signal intensity in the bilateral symmetric basal ganglia on the T2-weighted images, compatible with a diagnosis of extrapontine myelinolysis. The patient received an intravenous administration of high-dose corticosteroids, rehabilitation, and neurotrophic therapy. Finally, his clinical abnormalities were vastly improved, and he was discharged with few residual symptoms.CONCLUSION Physicians should be fully aware that pituitrin can cause profound hyponatremia and its correction must be performed at a controlled rate to prevent the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome.