Differences in vitamin D concentration between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese adults: Associations with inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers in 4391 subjects |
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Affiliation: | 1. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran |
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Abstract: | AimThis study aimed to compare concentrations of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and inflammatory markers in metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), and to determine whether the relationship between vitamin D levels and both cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers differs between MHO and MUO.MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 4391 obese subjects aged > 18 years. A panel of cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers, including anthropometric variables, glycaemic indices, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, was investigated. All cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in MHO and MUO as well as in vitamin D deficiency were compared.ResultsPrevalence of MHO was 41.9% in our obese subjects using International Diabetes Federation criteria. Considering insulin resistance and inflammation, the prevalence of MHO was 38.4%. Individuals with MHO had significantly higher vitamin D concentrations compared with MUO, and this difference in vitamin D status persisted after accounting for BMI and waist circumference. Subjects with MHO had significantly better metabolic status, lower liver enzymes, lower inflammatory markers and higher serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D than those with MUO. Associations between vitamin D levels and inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers differed according to MHO/MUO status. Among MUO subjects, vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher liver marker and homocysteine levels. Serum vitamin D was negatively associated with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in MHO only.ConclusionSerum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were lower in MUO vs MHO, and reduced vitamin D concentrations were more strongly associated with cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in MUO than in MHO subjects. These findings suggest that a deficiency in vitamin D could be a key component of MUO. |
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Keywords: | Vitamin D Metabolic syndrome Obesity MetS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0025" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" the metabolic syndrome MHO" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0035" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" metabolically healthy obesity MUO" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0045" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" metabolically unhealthy obesity DM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0055" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" diabetes mellitus NAFLD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0065" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" non-alcoholic fatty liver disease BMI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0075" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" body mass index HDL-C" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0085" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" high-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0095" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" low-density lipoprotein cholesterol TG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0105" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" triglyceride FPG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0115" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" fasting plasma glucose HOMA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0125" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" homoeostasis model assessment glycated haemoglobin HTN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0145" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hypertension CRP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0155" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" C-reactive protein ALT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0165" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" alanine transaminase AST" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0175" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" aspartate transaminase ALP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kw0185" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" alkaline phosphatase |
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