Novel Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter (hOCTN2) via Computational Modeling and In Vitro Testing

Purpose  The objective was to elucidate the inhibition requirements of the human organic cation/carnitine transporter (hOCTN2). Methods  Twenty-seven drugs were screened initially for their potential to inhibit uptake of l-carnitine into a stably transfected hOCTN2-MDCK cell monolayer. A HipHop common features pharmacophore was developed and used to search a drug database. Fifty-three drugs, including some not predicted to be inhibitors, were selected and screened in vitro. Results  A common features pharmacophore was derived from initial screening data and consisted of three hydrophobic features and a positive ionizable feature. Among the 33 tested drugs that were predicted to map to the pharmacophore, 27 inhibited hOCTN2 in vitro (40% or less l-carnitine uptake from 2.5 μM l-carnitine solution in presence of 500 μM drug, compared to l-carnitine uptake without drug present). Hence, the pharmacophore accurately prioritized compounds for testing. K _i measurements showed low micromolar inhibitors belonged to diverse therapeutic classes of drugs, including many not previously known to inhibit hOCTN2. Compounds were more likely to cause rhabdomyolysis if the C _max/K _i ratio was higher than 0.0025. Conclusion  A combined pharmacophore and in vitro approach found new, structurally diverse inhibitors for hOCTN2 that may possibly cause clinical significant toxicity such as rhabdomyolysis. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.