Neurofibromatosis type 1 and malignancy in childhood

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by multi‐system involvement and an increased incidence of both benign and malignant tumors. In this study, we evaluated the clinical presentation and prognosis of NF1 and malignancy. Between 1975 and 2013, 26 (5%) of the 473 patients with NF1 at our center developed non‐neurofibroma neoplasms. The patient files of 26 subjects with tumors, other than optic glioma, were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate clinical features and treatment results. The age at diagnosis of NF1 ranged from 3 months to 16 years (median 5.5 years). The age range at tumor diagnosis was 1.5–33 years (median 8 years) in these 26 patients. The tumor histological subtypes included the following: 12 soft‐tissue tumors (6 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), 5 rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) and 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma), 11 brain tumors (6 low‐grade gliomas, 3 high‐grade gliomas, and 2 medulloblastoma), 2 neuroblastomas and 1 non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twelve of 26 patients were alive at the time of the study. Although benign brain tumors with NF1 are more common, high‐grade brain tumors also occur. Thus, careful and regular follow‐up is crucial for early detection of malignancy in NF1 patients.