秦国初期史的诸问题考辨--兼释《史记》对秦初史记载的疑点

秦人的远祖是东夷赢姓少昊族,帝舜时封于秦(今河南范县),夏代时秦国有所发展,商代时封立有数国.其中的胥轩小国在商晚期与周诸侯国关系较好,后被周吞并,贵族费昌、恶来等与周结仇,武王灭纣时亡秦国及姓氏.周成王时,沦亡于晋南的秦余民以善于养马,被成王封于赵城(今山西洪洞县),姓赵氏.懿王时,赵姓大骆非子及其族民被迁于西戎丘,过着半耕半牧的部落生活.非子为周孝王主畜有功,被封而"邑之秦",成为周在戎狄区的小国.秦世代臣服于周,为周王守西土.申侯等灭幽王时,秦襄公出兵救王室,乘机扩土,平王只得册封其为诸侯国.历史事实证明《史记·秦本纪》对秦国初史有粉饰或矛盾的记述.究其原因,是《秦记》美化秦初史所致.

A Study on Some Questions about the Early History of Qin--Explaining Some Doubtful Points of Qin's Early History in Records of Historian

The ancestors of Qin, coming from the east, belong to Shaohao Clan with the surname Yin. Duringthe period of King Shun, they were offered the manor of Qin (Fan County in Henan Province) by the king. Qin had developed in Xia Dynasty and founded some small marquisates in Shang Dynasty. During the period of King Zhouchenwang, the remaining people of Qin, having been annexed in the southern part of Jin, were given the manor of Zhao City (Hongtong County in Shanxi Province) by the king, for being good at raising horses. Their surname was changed into Zhao. People in Qin submitted themselves to the rule of Zhou from generation to generation, safeguarding the west territory for kings of Zhou Dynasty. When King Youwang was killed by Shenhou, Lord Qinxinggong sent army to save the royal family and seized the opportunity to expand his territory. Therefore, King Zhoupingwang had to bestow on Qin the title of marquisate. It is proved by some historical facts that Records of Qin in Records of Historian gave a false and contradictory narration on the early history of Qin. It is because Records of Qin has Prettified Qin's early history.