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Proximity factor in image size magnification for optical instruments in general
Authors:W. F. Harris
Affiliation:Department of Optometry, Rand Afrikaans University, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa. wfh@rau.ac.za
Abstract:A general expression is derived for the proximity factor in near image size magnification for an arbitrary instrument in front of an arbitrary eye. The proximity factor is a 2 x 2 matrix. The instrument and eye may be astigmatic and have decentred elements. The image on the retina may be blurred or not. The analysis is exact within the limitations of linear optics. The general results are specialized for the case of a stigmatic instrument and a stigmatic eye. The results are applied to the case of a thick, possibly bitoric, spectacle lens. The Appendix treats two numerical examples.
Keywords:astigmatism    linear optics    power factor    shape factor    spectacle magnification
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