Subclinical Hypothyroidism Is Associated With Adverse Prognosis in Heart Failure Patients

Background

It is widely recognized that overt hyper- as well as hypothyroidism are potential causes of heart failure (HF). Additionally it has been recently reported that subclinical hypothyroidism (sub-hypo) is associated with atherosclerosis, development of HF, and cardiovascular death. We aimed to clarify the effect of sub-hypo on prognosis of HF, and underlying hemodynamics and exercise capacity.

Methods

We measured the serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in 1100 consecutive HF patients. We divided these patients into 5 groups on the basis of plasma levels of TSH and FT4, and focused on euthyroidism (0.4 ≤ TSH ≤ 4 μIU/mL and 0.7 ≤ FT4 ≤ 1.9 ng/dL; n = 911; 82.8%) and sub-hypo groups (TSH > 4 μIU/mL and 0.7 ≤ FT4 ≤ 1.9 ng/dL; n = 132; 12.0%). We compared parameters of echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and cardiac catheterization, and followed up for cardiac event rate and all-cause mortality between the 2 groups.

Results

Although left ventricular ejection fraction did not differ between the 2 groups, the sub-hypo group had lower peak breath-by-breath oxygen consumption and higher mean pulmonary arterial pressure than the euthyroidism group (peak breath-by-breath oxygen consumption, 14.0 vs 15.9 mL/min/kg; P = 0.012; mean pulmonary arterial pressure, 26.8 vs 23.5 mm Hg, P = 0.020). In Kaplan-Meier analysis (mean 1098 days), the cardiac event rate and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the sub-hypo group than those in the euthyroidism group (log rank, P < 0.01, respectively). In Cox proportional hazard analysis, sub-hypo was a predictor of cardiac event rate and all-cause mortality in HF patients (P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

Sub-hypo might be associated with adverse prognosis, accompanied by impaired exercise capacity and higher pulmonary arterial pressure, in HF patients.