Practical guidance for imaging biomarkers in exudative age-related macular degeneration |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Rome Eye Hospital, Rome, Italy;2. Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy;3. UOC Ophthalmology and Surgery Department, ASL-1 Avezzano-Sulmona, L''Aquila, Italy;4. Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy;5. IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy;6. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “Luigi Sacco”, Eye Clinic, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;7. Department of Medicine-Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;8. University Eye Clinic, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy;9. Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;10. Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy;11. Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Rome, Italy;1. Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands;2. Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;3. Department of Human Genetics, Section Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;4. Queen Emma Center of Precision Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;5. Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands;6. Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, the Netherlands;1. International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China;2. Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun -Yat-sen University, Haikou, China;1. Department Of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;2. Department Of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, USA;1. University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;2. Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;3. Australian Clinical Labs, Bella Vista, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;4. University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;5. Translational Ocular Research and Immunology Consortium (TORIC), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;1. Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA;3. Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA;1. Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA;2. John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA;3. Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA;4. University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
We provide an overview of current macular imaging techniques and identify and describe biomarkers that may be of use in the routine management of macular diseases, particularly exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This perspective includes sections on macular imaging techniques including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA), classification of exudative AMD, and biomarkers in structural OCT and OCTA.Fluorescein angiography remains a vital tool for assessing the activity of neovascular lesions, while indocyanine green angiography is the preferred option for choroidal vessel imaging in neovascular AMD. OCT provides a non-invasive three-dimensional visualization of retinal architecture in vivo and is useful in the diagnosis of many imaging biomarkers of AMD-related neovascular lesions, including lesion activity. OCTA is a recent advance in OCT technology that allows accurate visualization of retinal and choroidal vascular flow. OCT and OCTA have led to an updated classification of exudative AMD lesions and provide several biomarkers that help to establish a diagnosis and the disease activity status of neovascular lesions.Individualization of therapy guided by OCT and OCTA biomarkers has the potential to further improve visual outcomes in exudative AMD. Moving forwards, integration of technologically-advanced imaging equipment with AI software will help ophthalmologists to provide patients with the best possible care. |
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