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Phylogenetic characterization of H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Indonesia from 2003-2007 |
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| Authors: | Ryo Takano Maki Kiso Shinya Yamada Catherine Macken |
| Affiliation: | a Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tropical Disease Centre, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia c Collaborating Research Center-Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Tropical Disease Centre, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia d Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA e International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan f Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA |
| Abstract: | The wide distribution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses is a global threat to human health. Indonesia has had the largest number of human infections and fatalities caused by these viruses. To understand the enzootic conditions of the viruses in Indonesia, twenty-four H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry from 2003 to 2007 were phylogenetically characterized. Although previous studies exclusively classified the Indonesian viruses into clades 2.1.1-2.1.3, our phylogenetic analyses showed a new sublineage that did not belong to any of the present clades. In addition, novel reassortant viruses were identified that emerged between this new sublineage and other clades in 2005-2006 on Java Island. H5N1 viruses were introduced from Java Island to Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Sumatra Island on multiple occasions from 2003-2007, causing the geographical expansion of these viruses in Indonesia. These findings identify Java Island as the epicenter of the Indonesian H5N1 virus expansion. |
| Keywords: | Influenza H5N1 subtype Indonesia Phylogenetic analysis Reassortment Evolution |
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