Understanding influenza vaccine protection in the community: An assessment of the 2013 influenza season in Victoria,Australia |
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| Institution: | 1. Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia;2. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia;3. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia;4. Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Health Protection Branch, Victorian Government Department of Health, 14/50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia;1. Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;2. Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;3. Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA;1. Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China;2. National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 102206, China;3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China;4. First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100016, China;5. Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China;1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People''s Republic of China;2. Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People''s Republic of China;3. School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People''s Republic of China;4. Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People''s Republic of China;1. Pathogenic Biology Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China;2. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China;4. Dalian Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital (the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Dalian), Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China;5. Key Lab of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China;1. Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;2. Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;3. National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD): A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Sandringham, South Africa;4. Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA;5. MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;6. Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden;7. INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe influenza virus undergoes frequent antigenic drift, necessitating annual review of the composition of the influenza vaccine. Vaccination is an important strategy for reducing the impact and burden of influenza, and estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) each year informs surveillance and preventative measures. We aimed to describe the influenza season and to estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in Victoria, Australia, in 2013.MethodsRoutine laboratory notifications, general practitioner sentinel surveillance (including a medical deputising service) data, and sentinel hospital admission surveillance data for the influenza season (29 April to 27 October 2013) were collated in Victoria, Australia, to describe influenza-like illness or confirmed influenza during the season. General practitioner sentinel surveillance data were used to estimate VE against medically-attended laboratory confirmed influenza. VE was estimated using the case test negative design as 1 − adjusted odds ratio (odds of vaccination in cases compared with controls) × 100%. Cases tested positive for influenza while non-cases (controls) tested negative. Estimates were adjusted for age group, week of onset, time to swabbing and co-morbidities.ResultsThe 2013 influenza season was characterised by relatively low activity with a late peak. Influenza B circulation preceded that of influenza A(H1)pdm09, with very little influenza A(H3) circulation. Adjusted VE for all influenza was 55% (95%CI: −11, 82), for influenza A(H1)pdm09 was 43% (95%CI: −132, 86), and for influenza B was 56% (95%CI: −51, 87) Imputation of missing data raised the influenza VE point estimate to 64% (95%CI: 13, 85).ConclusionsClinicians can continue to promote a positive approach to influenza vaccination, understanding that inactivated influenza vaccines prevent at least 50% of laboratory-confirmed outcomes in hospitals and the community. |
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| Keywords: | Influenza Influenza-like illness Influenza vaccine Vaccine effectiveness Influenza season |
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