Promoting influenza vaccination: Insights from a qualitative meta-analysis of 14 years of influenza-related communications research by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Health and Risk Communication, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, 120 Hooper St, Athens, GA 30602, USA;2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, 1600 Clifton Road, MS X-AA, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA;3. Oakridge Institute for Science and Education, PO Box 117, MS-10, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;1. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan;2. Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland;3. Department of virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan;4. Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA;5. Population Immunity Laboratory, Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA;6. VACSERA Holding Company, Cairo, Egypt;1. University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;2. Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA;1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;2. Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States;3. Department of Communication, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States;1. Grady College Center for Health & Risk Communication, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States;2. National Vaccine Program Office, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., United States;3. Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States;1. College of Pharmacy, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia;2. Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;3. College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;4. Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia;5. College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;1. Univ. Lille, EA 4483 – IMPECS – IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000 Lille, France;2. CHU Lille, Service des Exploration Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France;3. CHU Lille, Service de Médecine du Travail du Personnel Hospitalier, F-59000 Lille, France |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionA primary mission of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) is promoting immunization against seasonal influenza. As with most education efforts, CDC's influenza-related communications are often informed by formative research.MethodsA qualitative meta-analysis of 29 unpublished, primarily qualitative CDC-sponsored studies related to flu and flu vaccination knowledge, attitudes and beliefs (KABs). The studies, undertaken between 2000 and 2013, involved focus groups, in-depth interviews, message testing and surveys. Some involved health care professionals, while others involved members of the public, including sub-populations at risk for severe illness.FindingsThe themes that emerged suggested progress in terms of KABs related to influenza and influenza vaccination, but also the persistence of many barriers to vaccine acceptance. With respect to the public, recurring themes included limited understanding of influenza and immunization recommendations, indications of greater sub-group recognition of the value of flu vaccination, continued resistance to vaccination among many, and overestimation of the effectiveness of non-vaccine measures. Seven cognitive facilitators of vaccination were identified in the studies along with six cognitive barriers. For health care providers, the analysis suggests greater knowledge and more favorable beliefs, but many misperceptions persist and are similar to those held by the public. KABs often differed by type or category of health care provider.ConclusionsThe themes identified in this qualitative analysis illustrate the difficulty in changing KABs related to influenza and influenza vaccine, particularly on the scope and scale needed to greatly improve uptake. Even with an influenza pandemic and more vaccine options available, public and some health care provider perceptions and beliefs are difficult and slow to change. This meta-analysis does, however, provide important insights from previously unpublished information that can help those who are promoting influenza vaccination to health care providers, the general public and specific populations within the general population. |
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| Keywords: | Influenza Health communication Influenza vaccination Influenza knowledge, Attitudes and beliefs (KABs) Communication research Vaccine promotion |
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