Cross-Country Skiing: Precautions for Cardiac Patients

In brief: Cross-country skiing is an attractive winter alternative to walking or jogging, but persons with coronary artery disease must be aware of its high energy costs and make appropriate adjustments. Oxygen costs can be affected by variations in efficiency, arm work, snow, cold temperatures, inclines, altitude, and skier misperceptions. The authors give safety recommendations to reduce the hazards and enable cross-country skiers to enjoy their winter sport.