Bahren types III and IVa testicular vein anomalies as a reason for failure in left idiopathic varicocele retrograde sclerotherapy. Ontogenic discussion and clinical implications

Abstract: Left testicular vein anatomy has received more attention due to the presence of competent or incompetent venous valves and bypassing anastomoses, which are involved in venographic diagnosis and embolisation of varicocele. The left gonadal vein develops, in both males and females, between the 5^th and 7^th intrauterine weeks, being derived from the distal or postrenal portion of the left subcardinal vein. The varicocele aetiologic hypothesis leads to ontogenetic disturbances in the development of the secondary venous system. Retrograde testicular venography shows the precise anatomy of the left pampiniform plexus, while anterograde testicular venography identifies the presence of the valve and possible continence. In the present case sclerotherapy could not be achieved due to testicular vein anomalies. Sclerotherapy versus surgical high ligature of the left testicular vein in cases of left idiopathic varicocele with testicular vein anomalies is discussed.