Interpretation of arterial blood gases by nurses

Many clinical nurses find the concept of acid/base balance confusing. This article presents a step-by-step approach to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. In addition, the components of ABGs (pH, P₂, and HCO₃) are presented; metabolic and respiratory abnormalities (acidosis and alkalosis) are discussed in relation to cause and signs and symptoms; the concept of compensation is reviewed; the degrees of compensation are explained; the five steps of ABG analysis are outlined; and practice problems are provided and explained. By using this approach, the nurse can analyze the ABG values confidently and make a wise choice about appropriate nursing actions.