Reproducibility of three-dimensional coordinate systems based on craniofacial landmarks

Abstract Objectives: To propose a method for evaluating the reproducibility of anatomical coordinate systems based on craniofacial skeletal landmarks and to tentatively evaluate four systems created on preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data obtained from mandibular prognathism patients in order to confirm the utility for actual patients' data. Materials and Methods: In three-dimensional images of 10 patients obtained by a CBCT with a large field of view, six dentists set four coordinate systems that were created in different ways, twice by plotting some landmarks situated in the superior portion of the maxillofacial skeletons. The 95% confidence ellipse of six objective landmarks related to the jaw and teeth (upper incisor, left upper first molar, lower incisor, left lower first molar, menton, and left gonion) were three-dimensionally drawn for each coordinate system. The ellipsoid volume was calculated to evaluate the reproducibility of the coordinate systems. Results: The reproducibility could be evaluated for each coordinate system using the method proposed. The coordinate systems that were created by landmarks situated at greater distances from each other showed relatively small ellipsoid volume in comparison to those with shorter distances between landmarks. Conclusion: Anatomical coordinate systems with larger distances between the landmarks used were stable when landmarks related to the jaw and teeth were assigned as objective landmarks. The method proposed here was effective in terms of the reproducibility evaluation of a coordinate system.